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This paper introduces the pilot implementation of the Evidence Based Personas survey instrument for assessing non-cognitive attributes of relevance from undergraduate students at different stages of their engineering degree for the purpose of informing proactive advising processes. The survey instrument was developed with two key objectives: first, to assess its potential for streamlining and shortening existing instruments, and second, to explore the possibility of consolidating items from different surveys that measure the same or closely related constructs. A proactive advising system is being developed that uses the Mediation Model of Research Experiences (MMRE) as a framework. Within this framework, participation in various educational activities is linked to increased Commitment to Engineering via three mediating parameters: Self-Efficacy, Teamwork/Leadership Self-Efficacy, and Engineering Identity. The existing, validated MMRE survey instrument was used as a starting point for development of the current instrument with a goal of streamlining / shortening the number of questions. Ultimately, we envision augmenting the shortened instrument with items related to broader non-cognitive and affective constructs from the SUCCESS instrument. Noting that both the MMRE and SUCCESS instruments include measures of Self-Efficacy and Engineering Identity, selected questions from both were included and compared. Data was collected from 395 total respondents, and subsequent data analysis was based on 337 valid participants. Factor Analysis techniques, both exploratory and confirmatory, were employed to uncover underlying or latent variables within the results, particularly in the areas of Self-Efficacy where the combined items of the SUCCESS instrument and the MMRE instrument were used. Cronbach’s alpha analysis was employed to assess the internal consistency of the survey instrument. The Teamwork, Engineering Identity, and Commitment to Engineering constructs all produced a Cronbach’s alpha value in excess of 0.80. The Self-Efficacy construct fell below the 0.80 threshold at 0.77 which is considered to be respectable but is indicative of some short comings compared to that of the other constructs. The results of the EFA four-factor pattern matrix show the SUCCESS instrument items breaking out into their own components while the MMRE items merge with some of the items from the Engineering Identity construct suggesting a distinction in the underlying concepts these items may be measuring. This finding is further supported in the CFA through an assessment of the Goodness of Fit (GFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of these constructs. The initial groupings of the four constructs produced a robust CFI value of 0.853, robust TLI value of 0.838, and a robust RMSEA value of 0.075. Self-Efficacy is broken out into two sub-scales one defined by the three items from the SUCCESS instrument and the other defined by the four remaining items from the MMRE instrument. Engineering Identity was also broken into two sub-scales. The robust CFI and TLI report values of 0.928 and 0.919 respectively, and the robust RMSEA is reported to be 0.053. The findings of the factor analyses indicate that a shortened form of the MMRE survey instrument will provide reliable measures of the underlying constructs. Additionally, the results suggest that the self-efficacy as measured by items from the MMRE and from the SUCCESS instruments are related to two separate aspects of self-efficacy and do not load well into a single factor. 

Underwater robots, including Remote Operating Vehicles (ROV) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), are currently used to support underwater missions that are either impossible or too risky to be performed by manned systems. In recent years the academia and robotic industry have paved paths for tackling technical challenges for ROV/AUV operations. The level of intelligence of ROV/AUV has increased dramatically because of the recent advances in low-power-consumption embedded computing devices and machine intelligence (e.g., AI). Nonetheless, operating precisely underwater is still extremely challenging to minimize human intervention due to the inherent challenges and uncertainties associated with the underwater environments. Proximity operations, especially those requiring precise manipulation, are still carried out by ROV systems that are fully controlled by a human pilot. A workplace-ready and worker-friendly ROV interface that properly simplifies operator control and increases remote operation confidence is the central challenge for the wide adaptation of ROVs. This paper examines the recent advances of virtual telepresence technologies as a solution for lowering the barriers to the human-in-the-loop ROV teleoperation. Virtual telepresence refers to Virtual Reality (VR) related technologies that help a user to feel that they were in a hazardous situation without being present at the actual location. We present a pilot system of using a VR-based sensory simulator to convert ROV sensor data into human-perceivable sensations (e.g., haptics). Building on a cloud server for real-time rendering in VR, a less trained operator could possibly operate a remote ROV thousand miles away without losing the minimum situational awareness. The system is expected to enable an intensive human engagement on ROV teleoperation, augmenting abilities for maneuvering and navigating ROV in unknown and less explored subsea regions and works. This paper also discusses the opportunities and challenges of this technology for ad hoc training, workforce preparation, and safety in the future maritime industry. We expect that lessons learned from our work can help democratize human presence in future subsea engineering works, by accommodating human needs and limitations to lower the entrance barrier. 

Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) as teacher professional development strive to increase teachers’ identity as science educators through authentic experiences in scientific research teams (EEC-1711543). MRET is a NSF-funded RET in its third year of embedding K-5 teachers in engineering laboratory research teams. Historically, most RET sites focus on secondary (6-12) teachers as participants, leveraging their content knowledge as they must have significant college level coursework and often a degree in the subject taught. Elementary teacher preparation has a broader scope; primary teachers require basic proficiency in all subject areas, creating a unique challenge for MRET in finding common ground among participating researchers and teachers. This paper presents our process of developing and employing badges to ensure the time elementary teachers and university scientists spend together in the laboratory is productive in both accomplishing the work of the lab and in contributing to the desired professional growth outcomes for the teachers. A key component in finding this balance has been the construction of a micro-certification framework based upon the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) science and engineering practices, and specific skills and proficiencies teachers are expected to demonstrate as laboratory researchers. This framework has been translated into MRET badges, loosely based on the structures of Boy Scout badges and digital micro certifications, that teachers may earn through a process of learning about a topic or skill, practicing it, then demonstrating their learning to a member of the MRET team. MRET badges have been enthusiastically received by both teachers and scientists as a valuable form of scaffolding of the research experience and as an aid to direct teacher activities within the lab in circumstances where they may otherwise have unstructured time. Because badges are tied to the NGSS science and engineering practices, they serve as a bridge uniting the work of the research labs and teacher’s elementary curriculum. 

This study describes the design and development of an observation protocol for science and engineering practices (SEPs) experienced by teachers working in research laboratories under the auspices of Research Experiences for Teachers (RET). Development has proceeded iteratively through two-cycles of use and refinement based upon the observation of K-5 teachers working in engineering research laboratories as part of an NSF-funded RET site (EEC-1711543). This protocol offers the potential for looking inside the blackbox of apprenticed professional practice in the context of a research laboratory, which for K-12 teacher participants, has been previously only described through self-report. Data derived from this method, which can be viewed holistically or chronologically, can be used to triangulate and enhance other forms of data, for defining new processes or explaining outcomes and ultimately for enhancing programmatic functions. 

This study advances our design and development goal of creating a valid and reliable observation protocol for science and engineering practices (SEPs) experienced by participants working in research laboratories under the auspices of RET. This protocol offers the potential for addressing persistent questions related to participant experience by looking inside the blackbox of apprenticed professional research practice. Framed by cognitive apprenticeship and situated in an engineering RET for K-5 teachers (EEC-1711543), we independently document the SEPs which were consistently experienced across contexts and thus define a generalized teacher experience. Further, we identify key associations among the teacher's perception of their work, an independent observation and that reported by their graduate student mentors. Findings indicate that perception of involvement with any particular practice and not actual experience was a more important predictor of confidence. Perhaps most striking was the negative relationship between teacher confidence when working with mentors (r=-.242), which is similarly described by the mentors for working with teachers (r=-.356). This implies a strong need for further work and support for helping these individuals to understand each other’s goals and perspectives and for finding a way to work together that generates mutual feelings of confidence and satisfaction. 

Elementary school is the first opportunity most students have to learn about STEM; however, elementary teachers are sometimes the least confident and prepared to teach STEM concepts and practices. Research Experience for Teachers (RET) programs are an established form of K-12 teacher professional development in which teachers are invited to work as members of a laboratory research team to increase their enthusiasm, knowledge and experience in STEM fields. The Engineering for Biology: Multidisciplinary Research Experiences for Teachers (MRET) of Elementary Grades was a 7-week summer program in which teachers were embedded as contributing members of engineering laboratory research teams and was established with the goals of (1) increasing teacher knowledge of STEM concepts and practices, (2) fostering mentoring relationships among researchers and teachers in each laboratory, and (3) guiding the translation of the teachers’ laboratory experience into the classroom through the development of STEM learning units. This exploratory study focuses on the second goal, and involves the use of developmental network theory to discriminate mentoring among participants within the summer 2017 and 2018 cycles of MRET. Using data collected in daily observations as well as daily activity and conversation logs submitted by all participants during the lab experience, post participation surveys, and post program semi structured interviews, we have characterized a network of mentoring that existed within the lab portion of MRET as being multidirectional and potentially beneficial to all members, including researchers as well as teachers. This finding challenges the currently accepted assumption that teachers are the primary beneficiaries of mentoring within RET programs. If demonstrated to be appropriate and transferrable to the RET context, such a perspective could enhance our understanding of the experience and be used for maximizing the outcomes for all participants. 

The University of Florida Multidisciplinary Research Experiences for Teachers (MRET) is a 3- year program bringing together engineering research scientists, K-5 teachers, and industry professionals with the goal to increase interest in and preparation for STEM careers through the incorporation of STEM concepts, practices, and role models into elementary classrooms. MRET includes four elements that are designed to heighten participating teachers’ STEM awareness and expertise: (1) 6-weeks of immersive research experience; (2) curriculum development led by an education expert; (3) exposure to STEM careers through seminars and field trips led by industry professionals; and (4) engineering researcher involvement during curriculum development and implementation. This year-one evaluation is focused on the research question: What elements of the research experience support the project’s goals? and involved a mixed method approach to understanding the experience of six participating elementary teachers and six engineering graduate students who worked together as protégé-mentors in each of three different laboratories.